American Literature (1700-1800)
Reason and Revolution

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Resources include history and criticism of the first flowering of American literature during the eighteenth century. Includes history, criticism, some lesson plans and works of individual writers.


Statue of Liberty

[History and Criticism] [Henry Adams] [Benjamin Banneker] [William Byrd II] [J. Hector St. John Crevecoeur] [Jonathan Edwards] [Oloudah Equiano] [Benjamin Franklin] [Philip Freneau] [John Jay] [Thomas Jefferson] [Sarah Kemble Knight] [James Madison] [Thomas Paine] [George Washington] [Phillis Wheatley] [John Woolman] [African Americans] [Resources]

History and Criticism

Student's History of American Literature
Chapter 2. First half of the century includes Samuel Sewall,
Mrs. Knight, Ebenezer Cook, William Byrd, and Jonathan Edwards.
Student's History of American Literature
Chapter 3. The Beginning of the Nineteenth Century.
Knickerbocker Group; Washington Irving (1783-1859);
James Fenimore Cooper (1789-1851); William Cullen Bryant
(1794-1878)
Romancing the Indian
Comparison of the sentimentalizing and demonizing
representations of American Indians in the works of
James Fenimore Cooper, Mark Twain and other
nineteenth-centurey American authors.

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Henry Adams

The Education of Henry Adams
Full text. From University of Virginia.

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Benjamin Banneker (1731-1806)

  • Who Was Benjamin Banneker?
    Biography from Banneker Center for Economic Justice
  • Benjamin Banneker
    Biography from ThinkQuest
  • UNBOUND | Benjamin Banneker
    Biography from phillyBurbs.com
  • Benjamin Banneker - Mathematics and the Liberal Arts
    Concentrates on his mathematical abilities. From African American Mathematics
  • Letter from Benjamin Banneker to the Thomas Jefferson, then Secretary of State, with his answer
    From Madison Center, James Madison University;
    see also: Commentary by Ken Newbold
  • Jefferson Responds to Banneker
    E-text from American Treasures; Library of Congress
  • Praise for Banneker
    E-text; By Thomas Jefferson; American Treasures; Library of Congress
  • Benjamin Banneker
    First U.S. black inventor. From Lemelson Prize Program

    Return to African American Authors: Online E-texts

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    William Byrd II (1674-1744)

    William Byrd and His History of the Dividing Line
    History and criticism; by Thomas Thurston, Yale
    PAL: William Byrd (1674-1744)
    Bibliography; comments; study question from PAL
    The Secret Diary of William Byrd
    From W.W. Norton
    Westover Plantation (near Williamsburg)
    Byrd's home; from James River Plantations
    William Byrd - A Visual Archive
    From Vienna University, Austria
    American Literature Lesson Plan Sequence. William Byrd II
    Lesson 7. William Byrd and the History of the Dividing Line;
    Grades 9 to 12; from Georgia Learning Connections

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    J. Hector St. John Crevecoeur (1753-1813)

  • Letters from an American Farmer
    Full text. From University of Virginia.

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    Jonathan Edwards

    Life of Jonathan Edwards
    Biography from Yalke Divinity School. Site includes link
    to American Religious History
    "From Sinners in the Hand of an Angry God." 1741
    E-text of Edwards' work
    JonathanEdwards.com
    Biography; etexts of his sermons; his theological writings;
    The Great Awakening and the revival of religion; bibliography.
    Jonathan Edwards Secondary Sources
    From JonathanEdwards.com
    Jonathan Edwards, Scholar, Preacher, Missionary
    Biography from Hillsdale College
    Jonathan Edwards (1703-1758)
    Links to Edwards works, "Religious Affections", "Select
    Sermons", "Treatise on Grace", "An Unpublished Essay on the Trinity",
    "Freedom of the Will", "David Brainerd", and "Complete Works"
    PAL: Jonathan Edwards (1703-1758)
    Bibliography; Leader of the Great Awakening; Study Questions;
    Liberal innovations made by Solomon (Samuel) Stoddard
    (Edwards' Grandfather)
    American Literature Lesson Plan Sequence. Jonathan Edwards
    Lesson 3. Jonathan Edwards. Grades 9 to 12;
    from Georgia Learning Connections

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    Oloudah Equiano (1745-1797)

  • Olaudah Equiano
    Biography
  • The Interesting Life of Olaudah Equiano
    Biography, other information by Suzanne Erara, Princeton;
    see: Equiano Timeline for timeline of his life
  • Africans in America. Part 1. Olaudah Equiano
    Biography; his narratives; teacher's guide. From PBS
  • Black Jacks; African American Seamen in the Age of Sail
    Includes brief information; by W. Jeffrey Bolster, Harvard
  • Olaudah Equiano
    Biography; selections from his work
  • The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano or Gustavus Vass the African (1798)
    Excerpts of his autobiography. His enslavement
  • A Son of Africa: Oloudah Equiano
    Film with link to etext of Equiano's The Interesting
    Narration of the Life of Oloudah Equiano Excerpts
    include the voyage of the slave ship; his arrival in the West
    Indies; a description of the Ibo religion
  • A Son of Africa: Facilitator's Guide
    Facilitator's guide; excerpts; bibliography.
    From California Newreel
  • PAL: Perspectives in American Literature
    Bibliography
  • Olaudah Equiano (1745-1797)
    Heath study guide; issues and strategies By Angelo Costanzo.
  • Dark Voices from Unmarked Graves
    Unit plan by Robert Johnson Moore. Grades 10 - 11.
    African American history; African American literature.
    From Yale New Haven Lesson Plans

    Return to African American Authors E-texts

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    Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790)

    Related pages: Benjamin Franklin. Inventors

    The World of Benjamin Franklin

    Biography; Franklin as a scientist, inventor, statesman, printer,
    philosopher, musician and economist;
    from The Franklin Institute Science Museum
    Benjamin Franklin: A Documentary History
    Chronological biography; by J.A. LeoLemay, University of Delaware
    Benjamin Franklin. Autobiography, Letters and Other Writings
    Includes notes on texts; from Bibliomania
    The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin
    E-text of Franklin biography from University of Virginia
    Benjamin Franklin on Native Americans
    Excerpt from a longer piece; from Madison Center, James
    Madison University
    Benjamin Franklin (index page)
    Texts of letters from Boston & London (1722-1726); London (1757-1775);
    Paris (1776-1785); Philadelphia (1726-1757); Philadelphia (1785-1790);
    Poor Richard's Almanac (1733-1758)
    Selections from "Poor Richard's Almanac"
    1898 ed., The Century Company with original 1733 facsimile;
    from Antique Books
    The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin
    Full text of the autobiography. With introduction and notes.
    From From Revolution to Reconstruction
    From "The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin"
    Excerpts from W.W. Norton
    The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin
    E-text; From University of Maryland
    My Place in Time
    Unit/lesson plans. Sixth grade. Based on Franklin's
    Autobiography. Yale-New Haven Lesson Plans
    Humor of America
    Unit/lesson plans. Advanced tenth and eleventh grades.
    Yale-New Haven Lesson Plans.
    Create a Postcard. Poor Richard's Almanac
    From Classroom Today

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    Philip Freneau (1752-1832)

    Philip Freneau
    Biography by Alex Leitch, Princeton
    Philip Freneau
    Biography from An Outline of American Literature
    Philip Freneau
    Bibliography; leader of 18th century Naturalism; four aspects;
    study questions from PAL
    Philip Freneau Selected Bibliography
    From The SAC LitWeb
    Philip Freneau
    Quotations from Freneau. From Project Bartleby. Bartlett's Quotations.
    Philip Freneau
    Text of his poem, "The Wild Honey Suckle."
    From Project Bartleby
    Philip Freneau: Rules for Changing a Republic [into a Democracy, then] into a Monarch
    Online etext. Word document under frames
    Philip Freneau: "The Indian Burying Ground"
    Poem by Freneau, "the poet of the American Revolution."
    Poets' Corner. Philip Freneau
    E-texts of "The Indian Burial Ground," "The Wild Honey
    Suckle," "On Retirement," "The Vernal Age," "To the Memory of
    the Brave Americans," "Ode," "On the Universality and Other Attributes
    of the God of Nature," "To Mr. Blanchard, the Celebrated Aeronaut
    in America," "On the Death of Dr. Benjamin Franklin."
    From Steve Spanoudis page

    John Jay (1745-1829)

    John Jay
    Biography, The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed. 2001;
    from Project Bartleby
    John Jay
    Biography from ushistory.org
    John Jay, One of the Nation's Founding Fathers
    Biography from America's Story, Library of Congress
    John Jay
    Biography from Smithsonian
    Gilbert's Portrait of John Jay
    From Teaching Politics
    John Jay Homestead
    Story from Poughkeepsie Journal
    Federalist Papers
    Click on the numbers for full text. From American Memory;
    papers by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, John Jay
    The Federalist Papers
    E-text from constitution.org
    The Paris Peace Treaty of 1783
    From University of Oklahoma Law Center
    Yale New Haven Lesson Plans
    U. S. Constitution unit

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    Thomas Jefferson (1743-1826)

    Thomas Jefferson
    Biographical sketch from W.W. Norton
    Life of Thomas Jefferson
    E-text of biography by B.L. Rayner, 1834;
    from University of Virginia Electronic Library
    Jefferson Digital Archive
    Digital texts (1700 items), biography, historical information
    on University of Virginia, bibliographies, other resources;
    from University of Virginia
    Thomas Jefferson on Politics & Government. Quotations
    From University of Virginia Electronic Text Center
    Ask Thomas Jefferson!
    Use e-mail to ask Mr. Jefferson a question; from Monticello
    Ask Thomas Jefferson. Quotations
    Quotations from Mr. Jefferson from politics to society;
    Page by Adam Zimmerman, Potrero Hill Middle School
    Visit Jefferson's Monticello
    Visit Mr. Jefferson's Academical Village
    Interactive tour of the University of Virginia
    Thomas Jefferson, Son of Virginia
    Article on Jefferson in the Virginia legislature;
    from Colonial Williamsburg Journal; biographical information
    The Jefferson Bible
    From nothingistic.org
    Notes on the State of Virginia
    From University of Virginia Electronic Library
    The Writings of Thomas Jefferson
    His autobiography, Notes on Virginia, Parliamentary Manual,
    Official Papers, Messages and Address, other writings.
    From constitution.org

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    Sarah Kemble Knight (1666-1727)

    Sarah Kemble Knight
    Brief biography from Endicott College Library
    Sarah Kemble Knight. from The Private Journal of a Journey from Boston to New York, in the Year 1704 Text
    PAL. Sarah Kemble Knight
    Selected bibliography, comments on "The Journal," study questions,
    from Perspectives in American Literature (PAL)
    Sarah Kemble Knight. Classroom Issues and Strategies
    By Kathryn Zabelle Derounian-Stodola; from Heath Anthology
    American Literature Lesson Plan Sequence. Sarah Kemble Knight
    Lesson 4. Sara Kemble Knight and Her Journal; grades 9 to 12;
    from Georgia Learning Connections

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    James Madison

    Biography of James Madison
    From The White House Presidents page
    American Presidents: Life Portraits: James Madison
    Life facts, public service, homes, references;
    from American Presidents
    James Madison: His Legacy
    Biography, numerous resources by topics, as Declaration of
    Independence, American Confederations, Bill of Rights,
    Slavery, Native Americans. From Madison Center,
    James Madison University
    Montpelier, the Home of James Madison
    The Madisons, Montpelier history, the races, archaeology,
    resources, visiting Montpelier
    Papers of James Madison
    Biography, documents, bibliography; from University of Virginia
    The Federalist Papers
    From American Memory, Library of Congres

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    Thomas Paine (1737-1809)

    The Rights of Man; A Political Pamphlet by Thomas Paine (1791)
    Portrait, facsimile of the document
    Archive of Thomas Paine Works
    All his work, including Common Sense; The Rights of Man; African Slavery in America; Age of Reason; more
    Moncure D. Conway on Thomas Paine's Writings
    Biographer of Paine
    American Revolutionary War Timeline
    Includes Paine with links

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    George Washington (1732-1799)

    George Washington's Papers
    Etext. Selected documents. From UVA
    The Maryland Gazette featuring George Washington's Journal
    Account of Washington's trip to the Ohio River
    George Washington
    His inaugural addresses; First Thanksgiving Proclamation; Other papers; portrait

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    Phillis Wheatley (1753-1784)

    Phillis Wheatley
    Biography; by Mrs. Angela Graves fourth grade class
    Phillis Wheatley Bibliography
    An Elegy...Reverend and Learned Dr. Samuel Cooper...
    Poem by Wheatley
    Phillis Wheatley
    Very brief biography
    Phillis Wheatley, Poet
    Biography; commentary; picture
    Phillis Wheatley: Precursor of American Abolitionism
    Biography; commentary; a poem
    American Verse. Phillis Wheatley
    Biography and poem, "On the Death of a Young Gentleman of
    Great Promise;" in American Female Poets.
    Project Gutenberg
    Poems, On Various Subjects Religious and Moral.

    Return to African American Literature; Online E-texts

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    John Woolman

    Journal
    (1774) Etext from UVA. Woolman, a Quaker, opposed slavery.

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    African Americans

    Commentary Sources Database. American Multculturalism Series
    The African American Experience; etexts; Antibiastes; Benjamin Banneker; Peter Bestes et al; James Albert Ukawsaw Gronniosaw; Briton Hammon; Jupiter Hammon; Phillis Wheatley; others

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    Resources

    American Poetry: The 19th Century
    Audio CD. Six hours of audio recordings. Includes readings of 19th century poetry, including Native American and women. Available from Voyager Co.

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